Pioneering restoration of Tiritiri Matangi

The pioneering restoration of Tiritiri Matangi

'Saving Britain's Island' is a short film about island conservation, by ZSL PhD student, Joshua Powell. Produced by Matt Jarvis with the assistance of camera operators Benjamin Harris (UK) and Ben Sarten (NZ)
Funded by the British Ecological Society

In early 2021 a film crew from the UK visited Tiritiri Matangi to produce a short documentary. The film would target audiences in the UK as an introduction to island conservation. Tiritiri Matangi was chosen because the pioneering restoration project has inspired similar projects around the world. The film explores how these techniques can be used to help protect biodiversity in the UK Overseas Territories.


If only we could re-live those days

If only we could re-live those days

Author: Mrs Dora Walthew (nee King)

From the Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi archives. We think it was written in the 1980s

It was the year 1934 and the island sat like a bright green jewel, in the blue waters of the Hauraki Gulf – approximately 16 miles from the port of Auckland, which nestles beyond the massive bulk of Rangitoto, guardian of the harbour entrance. The island was fringed with the bright red blooms of the pohutukawa trees, growing from the cliffs edges and along the rock foreshore.

On the highest point of the island, stood the lighthouse. A 60 foot construction of steel sections, bolted together with a strong beaming light which flashed warnings to the shipping, entering either of the two passages to Auckland.

Two keepers’ homes were built on the flatter sides of the hill and another house of superior construction was built further over, close to the cliff edge. (Where the bach is today). This was the home of the head keeper. Large concrete tanks were constructed alongside each home, for the island dwellers depended on every drop of rain that fell for their water supply. With various sized implement and storage sheds and a stable to keep chaff and oats for the station horse, there was quiet a community of housing.

A large red gate connected to a seven wire fenceline, running the width of the island and another fenceline running the length. This separated the station land from the rest, which was leased to a farmer (Hobbs) on the Whangaparaoa peninsula.

Sheep and cattle were run on this land. Through the red gate, the station horse named John, pulled the grey konaki every Thursday fortnight on his way to the wharf, about a mile and half distance. Slipping and sliding with an empty slepdge on the way down and heaving and pulling the heavy load back up the hills.

This was boat day and a holiday for all, except the man on duty. The island population would proceed to the wharf to extend a welcome to all on board. Sometimes, visitors would climb the hills to visit the lighthouse and the launch would stay for about three to four hours. They would enjoy the hospitality of the wives, who usually made a batch of scones and offered a welcome cup of tea. Often, lasting friendships came from these visits. If the house cows were producing well, the visitors went from with a jap of real, thick country cream and memories of a really great day – and a little envious of the island dwellers.

For the families, it was the excitement of unpacking the stores and putting everything away in the big storeroom which each house had. Sometimes, Messrs J. Jones sent a packet of sweets for the children and this was a rare treat.

This was the day the family had fresh meat for tea, as there were no refrigerators. All other meats had to be put down in brine. All the family shared with the unpacking and putting away the goods. Tinned meats and fish. Large sacks of flour and sugar. Dried fruits, cereals, dried peas, rice, barley, tea and coffee. Seven pound tins of treacle and golden syrup, flour and half a pound tines of biscuits.

A large side of bacon which was hung from the pantry ceiling, from which slices were cut off as required. A paste of flour and water was then placed over the cut to keep it fresh.

When the task of putting away the stores was done, the next task was the undoing of the school envelopes, to see just how many mistakes one had in their set. Also, to read the remarks from the teachers in Wellington. The families were taught by their mothers and made good progress with their schooling.

This day, three of the five children belonging to the third keeping (Alfred King), swung on the red gate. The time was fast approaching when they would leave their beloved island. They felt sad, but with the natural resilience of children, soon began making plans for the future.

The eldest boy (Alf), spoke first and said he wanted to fly a plane and become an engineer. He was a grey-eyed, fair boy with a quick mind and natural bent for anything mechanical or electrical. He was their leader and the two children adored him. They followed him like well drilled soldiers.

The next boy spoke (Reg). He was a dark haired and happy natured child. He was going to America and wanted to dance with Deanna Durbin who sang so beautifully.

The third member of the party was a fair headed, skinny girl (Dora), who could have passed for a boy with her close cropped hair.

This day she was clad in her brother’s navy shorts and grey shirt. She wished fervently to become a boy. If only God  would transform her, she would be so happy. She bitterly resented being born female. She loved to be outside with the fowls, calves and cows and adored all forms of nature. But, indoor chores were hated – especially dishes – whenever it was time to dry them, Mother Nature called and when she returned, they were all thankfully done and put away. In repair, her mother gave up trying to make her ladylike and she ran wild with the two elder boys. She was delegated to milk the cows and clean the fowl house. These jobs she did with joy, as to her, the animals and birds were real people. She seemed to have an affinity with all nature and determined to fiercely independent.

Left photo: Chamberlain and King family. Taken between 1946-1980
Right photo: King family and Nancy Davies c1928

Only three years separated these children and they were not only close with blood ties but with a deep bond of affection and loyalty for each other. They would not hesitate to lie to protect each other from a whipping.

Their father, an ex naval man, was a strict disciplinarian and with his quick temper, never listened to explanations or excuses, so it did not pay to tell the truth, as one still got chastised.

They were strong willed too and although they listening to his lectures on the dangers of cliff climbing and the sea, the advice was forgotten as soon as they were out of ear-shot.

No cliff was too steep to attempt to climb, in spite of the dangerous rocks below and the terror of falling. On more than one occasion, they had taken the twelve foot dinghy from the boat-shed, pushing it along the wharf and lowering it by crane to the sea below and rowing out to the reef where the gulls nested. It was wonderful to hold the tiny grey and white spotted chicks, with the angry parents dive-bombing above their heads. On these occasions, they were never caught, mainly because the boat-shed and reef were not in sight of the station.

None were more skilled at stealing provisions from mother’s larder – dried apricots, packets of lushus jellies, jars of pickles and jams and biscuits – also slices of cheese. These were carefully hidden in their clothing and secreted away to their hut at the end of the island. (They were sure mother knew, but she never complained about the loss – and in later years told them she felt they had had enough whippings).

What great adventures these three had there, with their imagination running wild and not a soul to disturb them and their fantasies. They became expert at collecting fat mussels when the tide was low and also rising the oysters from the rocks, which they cooked on the beach. The swimming nude in the rock pools and catching fat shrimps. Another favourite past-time was beach-combing and many wonderful treasures were collected. Sometimes plates from passing steamers, found their way ashore and these were carefully placed on the rocky shelves in the driftwood hut.

Occasionally, father’s garden in the gully was raided and fresh young carrots and white turnips were taken out to the hut, to eat with the cooked mussels. These were dished up on treasured plates. Every inch of the island was known to them and it was great thrill to find the glass balls, which came ashore from the fishing trawlers.

Small pockets of bush grew in the gullies and many varieties of birds lived there. They loved holding a stick out for the friendly black fantail to sit on. Hours were spent decorating the fresh cow-pats with yellow and white daisies and dock seeds, making intricate patterns.

The boys had jobs to do too. Cutting kindling wood and ti-tree for the big kitchen range and the hated job (usually done on a wet day), of emptying the toilet tin over the cliff edge. They would put a stout stick through the handle and clad in grain-sack hoods, the sack corners turned in – they proceeded like monks down the paddock, carrying the offending matter to the edge of the cliff.

In the evenings, the copper would be boiled and baths taken in the big, wooden wash-tubs. One child in each tub, with the warmth from the copper making the wash-house so cosy, then across the yard, into the house for tea. Later, into the front room where the wonders of good books could be enjoyed.

Their parents did not spare themselves to buy good, wholesome reading books. Stores of distance lands and people and travel books. The National Geographic books were avidly read again and again and a wealth of knowledge was gained and remembered.

With the fresh air and fresh caught fish and the vegetables, their bodies and minds were healthy and their energy and imagination boundless.

Fifty years later, a man and a women by the red gate. A brother and sister – the eldest brother had long since passed away, after flying an aeroplane and becoming a precision engineer. They look up at the lighthouse with tears in their eyes, as their thoughts nostalgically go back through the years.

The man speaks first, with an Amercian accent. “You know sis, coming back to our island home after 50 years, has been the highlight of my trip back to New Zealand. What a wonderful childhood we had. If only we could re-live those days. Its sad our brother is not with us. You know, I did dance with Deanna Durbin too.”

“Yes,” said his sister. “Both of you boys got your wish – I did not get mine – if only.”

Left photo: John with Konake Mr Davis and Mr King
Right photo: King family c1920

To find out more about Tiritiri Matangi history why not buy Tiritiri Matangi: A Model in Conservation by Anne Rimmer

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How to attract native birds to your garden

How to attract native birds to your garden

Author: Toni Ashton

Date: July 2023

Photo credit: Andrea Tritton

Its been wet, windy and chilly on Tiritiri Matangi lately and so the nectar-feeding birds – i.e. tūī, hihi/ stitchbirds and korimako/ bellbirds – have been busy at the feeding stations, providing great entertainment for visitors.

Providing food is just one way of attracting native birds to your garden. You can also plant native trees and shrubs. And providing patches of leaf litter or mulch will help to attract insect-eating birds such as the pīwakawaka/ fantail and tauhou/ silvereye.

In summer, a shallow bird bath provides water for drinking as well as a nice cool bath for the birds. And of course the birds need to feel safe and so trapping predators such as rats and mice, and keeping cats away from your garden will also help to attract the birds.

The websites of the Department of Conservation and Forest and Bird provide excellent information about which birds eat what, which trees and shrubs to plant, how to keep the birds safe and many other useful tips.

Attract birds to your garden

How to feed native birds in your garden

To find a local predator control project

Photo credits: Sean Smith, Georgina Scouller, Martin Sanders and Jacob Garvelink


Kōkako Banding on Tiritiri Matangi

Kōkako Banding on Tiritiri Matangi

Author: John Stewart

Date: 30/06/23

Photo Credit: John Sibley

The kōkako population on the island has been closely monitored since the first birds were brought here in 1997. Ten years later, the island received the captive-bred descendants of the last wild birds living in Taranaki. It was hoped that they would survive and breed on Tiritiri and eventually their descendants would be returned to their ancestral home. The birds were banded so that it would be possible to record their family trees and keep track of their relationships. That hope was fulfilled in 2017 and 2018 when birds were returned to Parininihi and Pirongia.

We have built on that initial work, continuing to band and to record details of the individual birds and their lives on the island resulting in a unique long-term data set which we hope will be used to better understand and to protect and sustain them.

Trained banders give each bird a unique combination of one numbered metal band and up to three plastic colour bands allowing observers to recognise each individual. Most of the birds are banded as chicks before they leave their nest.

Photo credit: Amanda Rogers
Left: Hastie band replaced
Right: Hotu band replaced

Tiritiri Matangi kōkako bands

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Te Rangi Pai enjoying some water

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Sharing the love: where are the takahē now?

Sharing the love: where are the takahē now?

Author: Phil Marsh, the takahē sanctuary sites ranger with the Department of Conservation

Date: June 2023

Heading photo credit: Malcolm de Raat

This certainly isn’t an exhaustive list but it highlights the contribution that takahē from Tiritiri Matangi continues to have on the programme to increase the population throughout the motu. It also demonstrates the fluidity of the takahē programme.

2009 – Apiata was removed off Tiritiri Matangi and transitioned to the Murchison Mountains. He is still alive there to this day and has produced juveniles with his partner, though the number is unknown. He is a great example of how well takahē from sanctuary sites can transition, provided they receive the necessary training at Burwood Takahē Centre prior to being released in the wild. I’ve seen him in the Murchison Mountains around six times since being involved in the programme and I have a real soft spot for him.

2010 – Wal was moved to Burwood as a breeder from 2012-2021 and raised a number of juveniles (four juveniles in 2018-2020 alone). He was shifted to a privately-owned sanctuary in the South Island in 2021 where he is paired with a new partner to this day.

2013 – After leaving Tiritiri Matangi, Pukekohe spent time at Tāwharanui Regional Park where he was part of a breeding group, although he was never successful at raising a juvenile. Today he is on Mana Island and has successfully paired this season. They produced two chicks, his first to date.

2014 – Jenkins has been at Burwood for a number of years now as a breeding female. Since 2018 she has produced five juveniles.

2016 – Turama was moved from Tiritiri Matangi to Burwood for a number of years as a breeding male. Since 2019 he has produced five juveniles.

2017 – Waimarie transitioned through Burwood, paired up and was then sent to Orokonui Ecosanctuary in Dunedin. Last season she produced her first two juveniles, which are being trained for release into recovery sites. This season she produced two more chicks.

2017 – Kahuhura is now paired on Mana Island and has finally produced two chicks this season, his first to date.

Photo Credit: Phil Marsh
Left: Jenkins in her new home, she produced one chick this season.
Right: Turama, on the left, with juveniles.

2018 – Hana was sent to Mana Island (where she has paired up with an offspring of Turama) and produced her first juvenile last season.

2018 – Mira was sent to Motutapu Island where she was seen with a partner recently. She has no juveniles to date as far as known

2018 – Te Paea transitioned to Burwood and was released in the Murchison Mountains in 2019. A colleague and I saw him in a territory with a partner during the 2020 census, showing that he had settled into the site.

2019 – Te Marino was sent to Cape Sanctuary at Cape Kidnappers and paired with the single male there. They had breeding attempts during the last season but were unsuccessful.

Other incidental takahē related to Tiritiri Matangi: Fyffe (breeding female on Rotoroa Island) is one of Wal’s offspring. She has been a successful breeder the last few seasons. Walter (male on Motutapu Island) is one of Wal’s offspring. Hogan (male at Willowbank Wildlife Reserve) is one of Jenkins’ offspring.

Photo credits: Left Janet Petricevich
Left: Mira on Tiritiri Matangi
Right: Te Marino as a juvenile

Takahē Recovery Programme

Burwood Takahē Centre


Children energised by the wonders of the New Zealand bush

Children energised by the wonders of the New Zealand bush

Author: Jean Goldschmidt

Date: 18/05/23

Winter clothes today; boots, long trousers and the raincoat at hand for the dank, dark miserable day. White horses whipping up the waves found the ferry rolling sideways and passengers glued to their seats. Sitting indoors for a change, I smiled and added comments to the conversation between guides but my mind was on the children we would be guiding today. Was I over it? Did I really want another dose of young children? Already in their groups the children came off the boat and lined up on the concrete in a manner which showed thorough preparation – so a good start.

Away as group four, I marched up the path with eight ten-year-sold and the teacher behind me. She explained the children were in three groups, birds, environment and she took the māori component but she felt she still had a lot to learn. With full participation, they quickly found all the berry colours on the tawapau. After the constant rain, all heard the gurgling water rising up the māhoe. Everyone found a perfect skeleton leaf which they matched with a green living leaf. At the edge of the bush, the pōpokotea/ whiteheads flitted back and forth over our heads until one briefly landed on the track in front of us. These special little birds with heads dipped in white paint move in families and whisper loudly to each other. But today, the tīeke had monopoly over the ground feeding. When we were on the rise and ahead of two groups on the shortcut, our group turned to see a kererū resting on its own, before it suddenly took off don’t the track towards the wharf. Being higher we had a great view of the two groups ducking and laughing as the kererū flew into them. How no one was knocked over by the flying bird will remain a mystery to most of us but the scientists have studied the extraordinary eyes of birds.

Left: Tīeke
Photo credit: Lucas Mugnier
Right: Pōpokotea
Photo credit: Judd Patterson

These fabulous children knew the story of how the tīeke got its brown saddle and at the hihi nesting box one girl told us that the female finds all the base sticks with the male contributing a couple. Then using her body to demonstrate she stood tall, puffing out her chest she imitated the male hihi calling “Look at the fine nest I have built”. Seeing the actual nest she brought her story to life. At lunch, another guide Neil began telling the same story told to him by the headmaster who walked with his group. Neil promise to tell the teacher we guides thought a great job had been done in preparing the class for the Tiritiri trip. At the pūriri tree another child said how a teacher had shown them a real pūriri moth and again that child related the story. To have children really energised by the wonders of the New Zealand bush brought home to me how teachers can inspire learning. This delectable group, which now once had to be told to stay on the track, with a motivated teacher, so keen to learn and share left me in high spirits. These enquiring minds completely washed away the morning’s doubts.

Returning down the shortcut alone I bush-bathed, enclosed by life-giving trees I absorbed bird calls filtered by smells and silence. Wonder of wonders. I emerged renewed.

Left: Kererū
Photo credit: Martin Sanders
Right: Enjoying the bush
Photo credit: Carolin Wille

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Ancient Tiritiri Matangi: Adventures in "Deep Time". The Fungi

Ancient Tiritiri Matangi: Adventures in "Deep Time". The Fungi

Author: John Sibley

Date: 16/06/23

We have been travelling through “Deep Time” from the dawn of Earth’s history when living things first appeared, some 4,000,000,000 years ago (4,000Mya or 4Ga). It is thought the Fungi evolved about 410Mya just before the land was colonised by plants. Today they form one of the most diverse kingdoms with varied ecologies, lifestyle strategies and morphologies (outward shapes). Their members include single-celled yeasts, filamentous fuzzy moulds and familiar mushrooms. Although once classified with the plants, they share more features (including genetics) with the Animal Kingdom.

Part of our fascination with fungi is that they have a secret “hidden life” in the earth beneath our feet, emerging above ground only to disperse their spores into the air – popping up overnight as a wonderful variety of “fruiting’ bodies. Some of these “mushrooms’ are very poisonous to humans while others are delicious to eat! Yet other fungi raise our bread, brew our beer, flavour our soy sauce and cheese, and cure our ills (antibiotics and statins etc.)

It is estimated that this hidden fungal horde with their vast subterranean network of feeding threads at least equals and perhaps exceeds the biomass of the more visible Plant Kingdom that lives above them in the world of light. The only time you might notice this hidden world is if you disturb a mouldering piece of branch on the forest floor when raking leaves off the track. The tufts of white threads (hyphae – collectively called a mycelium) visible where the branch touched the earth are a sure sign these rotters are at work!

Left: A saprophytic fungus feeding on dead wood
Right: Fungal hyphae forming a feeding mycelium on dead wood
Photo credit: John Sibley

Unlike plants their cell walls are composed of chitin (Pron. Ky-tin) used in arthropod exoskeletons and Mollusca “teeth”. None are photosynthetic, instead feeding heterotrophically like animals. They do this by exuding digestive enzymes from their hyphae externally onto their food material and absorbing the digested products. Whilst walking, you might see a powdery rotted piece of a tree branch on a track. It has been digested from within by the fungal threads that once permeated it! In this way, the fungi perform the extremely important task of recycling nutrients in the forest ecosystem as decomposes.

Growth is their only method of movement, apart from microscopic spores which can be blown far and wide in global weather systems. For this reason, many native NZ fungi also have a worldwide distribution. Many fungi will invade living plant (and animal) tissue as pathogens (disease causing parasites).

Look for the telltale fungus infection spots on living mahoe, karo or karamu leaves where sap-sucking psyllid insects have injected spores from these parasitic fungi into their leaves. The plants strategy is to grow new leaves faster than the old ones can be destroyed by disease. Not all fungi are parasites though, many are saprophytes – living off already dead plant material, recycling it. A few are both – killing the host parasitically and then feeding off the corpse saprophytically!

Left: Pyenoporus coccineus
Right: Henningsomyces sp.
Photo credit: John Sibley

Another vital role of many fungi is to help tree roots absorb water and minerals from the soil in exchange for sugars and proteins from the roots. The fungal threads do this by penetrating right through the root cell walls (but not entering the cell cytoplasm). This close partnership is known as a mycorrhizal association, a relationship that has long been known to exist between fungi and conifers as well as orchids. Today it is thought that nearly all plants and trees have their own specific fungus partners performing this service. The fungi not only increase the surface area of the roots for enhanced nutrient absorption, but also exude chelating (or “capturing”) chemicals which bind onto scarce soil nutrients making them more available to the plants.

Mycorrhizae are especially beneficial for the plant partner in nutrient-poor soils, such as those found near the top of the Wattle Track.

Other recent studies have shown that these fungi target specific parts of different root systems for maximum gain, “trading” less abundant soil minerals for the best quality nutrients from the plants. In addition, several types of specific “helper” bacteria work closely with the fungi to enhance their ability to take up soil nutrients for the plants.

Left: Helper bacteria clustered round a fungal mycelium grown in vitro
Right: A parasite spot fungus on flax
Photo credit: John Sibley

Sugars have also been shown to move between different species of tree via mycorrhizal network, promoting the succession of tree species as ecosystems change over time. For a new seedling in the forest to thrive, it is important for them to acquire their own mycorrhizal partner as quickly as they can.

When both parties benefit from a relationship is called mutualistic. Fossil evidence and DNA sequence analysis suggest that this mutualism appeared 400 – 600Mya, when the first plants were colonising land.

Fungi also act as a food supply, forming a vital link in the food web of the forest. A wide range of invertebrates such as springtails, mites and fly larvae graze on them, and they in turn feed the birdlife on Tiritiri Matangi Island. Without the Fungi life would be exceedingly dull for us humans – but imagine a forest where no dead trees are broken down and recycled!

Left: A springtail feeding on Ear fungus Auricularia cornea
Right: Shaggy cap mushroom, Coprinus sp - a mycorrhizal fungus on Mahow
Photo credit: John Sibley


A tech upgrade

A tech upgrade

Author: Stacey Balich
This text has been collated using the Hihi Conservation 2022 - Annual Report

Date: 16/07/23

The Hihi Conservation 2022 Annual Report shares that for nearly the past three decades it has been a rite of passage for every hihi hatched in a nest box to receive a set of colour bands when they turn 21 days old. On one leg, they have two colours; on the other, they have one colour and one metal band. This allows researchers to individually identify the birds which supports monitoring, management and research. Dr John Ewan shares in his report that on Tiritiri Matangi all female hihi nest in nest boxes, so every bird in the population can be banded before fledging. This means family relationships are known for every hihi on the island.

Observing and locating individual birds requires enormous manpower and data can sometimes be limited by the size of the field team and environmental conditions. This can sometimes result in incomplete band reading or misidentification. In 2015, the Hihi Recovery Group began exploring how to modernise hihi monitoring. They selected a technology called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).

RFID involves attaching a tiny computer chip storing a unique identification number to an animal. Special RFID ‘readers’ are then placed in key locations throughout the environment to ‘read’ these numbers when tagged animals come in close proximity. Dr John Ewan explains it as the same technology behind tap-and-go credit card payments. The chips are only a few millimetres long so they can be attached unobtrusively even to small birds like hihi with no effect on their wellbeing or behaviour.

Left: A male hihi with a blue RFID chip
Photo credit: Jonathan Mower

Right: Banding a hihi fledgling
Photo credit: Mhairi McCready

In 2020 the Hihi Recovery Group and the Department of Conservation’s Electronics Team finalised a design. The custom, injection-moulded colour bands fit hihi perfectly and hold a built-in RFID chip. They are now fully rolled out on Tiritiri Matangi, where each nestling now receives two colour bands on one leg and one long RFID colour band on the other leg. All six of the supplementary feeding stations are equipped with RFID readers. The adult hihi population will receive a band upgrade next time they are caught for normal population monitoring.

Dr John Ewan shares that direct observation will always play a central role in hihi monitoring and that RFID technology will provide a major boost to data collection.

Hihi Conservation Report 2022 - Annual Report by Dr John Ewen

Hihi Conservation Website

How hihi are the symbol of challenge and hope for conservation


One of the most interesting trips I have ever had in my life

One of the most interesting trips I have ever had in my life

Author: Gabrielle Yan (Year 5/6), Summerland School

Date: 15/06/23

Tiritiri Matangi was one of the most interesting trips I have ever had in my life. The ferry ride was great, amazingly clean to say the least. The first bird we saw was a bellbird, which had the voice of our school bell, which was very familiar as we have been hearing it for years. Along the way we saw many fantails and bellbirds, so many that they didn’t seem all that rare anymore.

We heard a tūī singing near the feeding area, which had been surrounded by all sorts of birds. On the ground lay lots of skeleton leaves which were pretty much transparent with skeletons that looked very much like fibre.

Our guide, Bob, showed us a tracking tunnel with laminated pictures of predators’ footprints. While we were taking a rest on a wooden bench, we spotted the biggest New Zealand pigeon ever, perched on top of a very large Nikau.

On the way to the lighthouse, we made a wish while touching NZ’s oldest rock (80 million years old) and looking at the youngest (Rangitoto). Right before leaving the forest, we had a finger puppet hunt. The finger puppets were in the shape of native birds and other creatures, which was the most adorable thing ever.

After we left the forest, we saw around 3 takahē, which was chasing after the keeper who was feeding the birds (because he had food with him). The takahē were running at an insane speed, despite the fact that they are only about 30cm tall.

After lunch, we went to the gift shop (I would highly recommend you to go there). Last, but not least, we visited the lighthouse, which was one of the best places on the island.

I really hope to be a guide there when I grow up.

Photo credit: Liz Maire

Just a few of the students’ many thoughts:

“The trip was the best I’ve ever been on and I got to see all the amazing birds. I would like to be a guide there one day.”

“We now have an idea of what Aotearoa might have been like before human civilisation.”

“You can see birds and other species you might not get a chance to see on the mainland.”

“I love that I just didn’t learn about the bird species but also could see them and hear them in reality – not in a video like Youtube.”

“We are so grateful we got to go to Tiritiri Matangi and my family is hoping to go there one day so we can more birdlife and hopefully kiwi, ruru and tuatara at night.”

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Tiritiri Matangi Island On Active Service

Tiritiri Matangi Island On Active Service

Author: Stacey Balich
This text has been collated using Tiritiri Matangi, A Model of Conservation by Anne Rimmer

Date: 13/06/23

During the Second World War (1939-45) the island was part of the Auckland Harbour defences. The day after war broke out, 12 Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve signalmen landed on Tiritiri Matangi to identify all approaching vessels. The Navy duplicated much of the Auckland Harbour work of identification. At first, the two services shared the Auckland Harbour Board facilities but it soon became apparent that the Navy needed its own building.

The military then built the Port War Signal Station, near the lighthouse, linked to gun emplacements on Whangaparaoa, Rangitoto, North Head and Waiheke Island. The Port War Signal Station had a view from Kawau Island past Aotea Great Barrier and the Coromandel to Auckland but, significantly, the Tiri channel was obscured. Ships at sea were forbidden to use their wireless in wartime, so communication with them was by flags, semaphores or Aldis signal lamps.

After the bombing of Pearl Harbour (7 December 1941), the US poured money into New Zealand’s defences and the Army established a Fortress Observation Post on Tiritiri Matangi. The Army rebuilt the Fourth House, concreting the outside and adding a concrete tower. The Fortress Observation Post gave information to the nine-inch guns on Whangaparaoa Peninsula and controlled the mines in the Tiri channel. Mines were laid across the Tiri channel and out to Rakino Island and The Noises. These mines exploded when struck by a ship.

Left: The Port War Signal Station building, c.1940. Malcolm Kay

Right: The Army's Fortress Observation Post, c.1942. Les Alves

With the arrival of the Army, the Auckland Harbour Board signalmen were withdrawn, leaving one man as custodian of the foghorn and radio beacon.

The Hobbs family (who held the Tiritiri Matangi farm lease) had taken their stock off the island in 1940, donating a cow to each of the services. Without the stock the grass grew higher and the kiore rats increased to plague numbers. High-voltage electric fences were rigged around the Fortress Observation Post, and a small light on the wall would light up every time a rat was zapped. This did kill thousands of kiore although it didn’t make a dent in the population. The Navy then tried a more low-tech solution, a tom cat.

Despite all the upheaval, the six years of military presence on Tiritiri Matangi had little effect on the island’s ecology. Anne Rimmer wrote in her book that the effect was probably more influential in the increased awareness of Tiritiri Matangi in the minds of the people who would guide the island’s future path. Also significant for New Zealand as a whole were the widened horizons of the thousands of servicemen and women who had served overseas.

In 1945 the three signalmen from the Auckland Harbour Board returned to Tiritiri Matangi. A year later Hobbs’ stock returned. The lighthouse keepers returned in 1947 and Auckland Harbour Board closed the signal station.

Left: Across Sandy Bay to the wharf, c.1942
Right: Lighthouse Station showing the army tower between the houses, c.1942

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Tiritiri Matangi Archaeological and Historic Landscape

Heritage Assessment

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